The average incubation period of coronavirus ranges from three days to twenty-four days ( Guan et al., 2020 Zhou et al., 2020a) but the prevalence is more in elderly people with medical comorbidities.ĭuring this pandemic outbreak, several countries adopt preventive measures and their own treatment methodologies.
The common symptoms include fever, throat infection, cough, headache and breathlessness even some may be asymptomatic. Transmission of coronavirus is through respiratory droplets of infected persons. Coronavirus infects humans via the binding of S-protein with angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE-2) with higher affinity ( Wrapp et al., 2020). Wuhan institute of virology confirmed that 96% of similarity coronavirus with the gene sequence of bat coronavirus ( Wang W. Even though the source of coronavirus has not been declared officially, bats and snakes are considered as the potential host. COVID-19 is the official name of the coronavirus declared by the World Health Organization (WHO). The virus infection was first reported in Wuhan, People’s Republic of China during December 2019 ( Chen et al., 2020). The COVID-19 outbreak made the entire world frightened in late 2019, which is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) belongs to single stranded RNA viruses having spike-like projections of glycoprotein. Overall, it is of high importance to mention that clinical trials are necessary for confirming promising drug candidates and effective vaccines and the safety profile of the new components must be evaluated before translation of in vitro studies for implementation in clinical use. The study emphasizes the current therapeutic approaches against SARS-CoV-2 and some of the potential candidates for SARS-CoV-2 treatment which are still under clinical studies for their effectiveness against SARS-CoV-2. Peptide based vaccines emerged as promising vaccine candidates for SARS-CoV-2. The nano-based approach is another promising approach to combat COVID-19 owing to unique physicochemical properties of nanomaterials. Because vaccines seem the best solution to control the pandemic but time is required for its development, pre-clinical/clinical trials, approval from FDA and scale-up. Additionally, there is a large global effort to develop vaccines for the protection against COVID-19. The efficacy of some antiviral drugs such as remdesivir, favipiravir, umifenovir, etc., are still tested against SARS-CoV-2. The worldwide emergence and rapid expansion of SARS-CoV-2 emphasizes the need for exploring innovative therapeutic approaches to combat SARS-CoV-2. SARS-CoV-2 is a highly transmissible virus and an infectious disease that has caused fear among people across the world.
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7Department of Chemical Pathology, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences and National Health Laboratory Service, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa.6Department of Biological Sciences, School of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, The Copperbelt University, Riverside, Zambia.5Department of Biotechnology, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Chennai, India.4Department of Biotechnology, Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology, Haringhata, India.3School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India.2Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.Rangasamy College of Technology, Tiruchengode, Tamilnadu, India Karthik Vivekanandhan 1, Poornima Shanmugam 1, Hamed Barabadi 2, Vigneshwaran Arumugam 3, Dharun Daniel Raj Daniel Paul Raj 4, Manikandan Sivasubramanian 5, Subbaiya Ramasamy 6, Krishnan Anand 7, Pandi Boomi 8, Balakumar Chandrasekaran 9, Selvaraj Arokiyaraj 10 and Muthupandian Saravanan 11,12*
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